Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russians words and word combinations :- Универсальный ;
- Набор инструкций ;
- Блок памяти;
- Форма двоичного кодирования ;
- Контрольные сигналы , которые нужно вернуть на обработку ;
- Параметр изменений в измерительном процессе ;
- Кристалл интегральной схемы;
- Кристалл интерфейса ввода / вывода;
- Большая интегральная схема ;
- Система промышленного управления ;
- Сохранение и корректировки ;
- Большое количество данных и информации;
- Двоичная цифра ;
- Схема синхронизации ;
- Выполнять ;
- Предшественник ;
- Соответствующий ;
- Точность , аккуратность ;
- Придавать особого значения ;
- Внешний.
WHAT CAN COMPUTERS DO?


From the first electronic digital

computers of the forties to today’s versatile computers and most up-to-date

microcomputers, very little has changed as far as basic computer operation is

concerned. In the last thirty years, vast improvement in the size, speed and

capabilities of computers have taken place. But today digital computers still

use the same logical operations as their predecessors. There are many basic concepts that

can be applied to all types of computers, including microcomputers.


For the most part, human beings can do whatever

computers can do, but computers can do it with much greater speed and accuracy,

though computers perform all their calculations and operations one step at a

time. A computer is faster and more accurate than people, but unlike most

people it must be given a complete set of instructions that tell it exactly

what to do at each step of its operation. This set of instructions, called a

programme, is prepared by one or more persons for each job a computer is to do.

These programmes are placed in the computer memory unit in binary-coded form,

with each instruction having unique code.


Computers are often used in applications where the

results of their calculations are required immediately to be used in process controlling.

These are called real-time applications; they are often found in industrial

process control in industries such as paper mills, oil refineries, chemical

plants, and many others. The measuring systems send their signals to the

computer which processes them and responds with appropriate control signals to

be sent back to the process. Computers in present use range considerably: from

tiny things to big fellows. The microcomputer, for one, is the smallest and the

newest member of the computer family. It usually consists of several integrated

circuit chips, including a microprocessor chip, memory chips, and input /

output interface chips which are the result of tremendous advances in


large-scale integration.


Minicomputers are larger than microcomputers,

they are widely used in industrial control systems, scientific institutions,

and research laboratories. Although more expensive than microcomputers,

minicomputers continue to be widely used because they are generally faster and

possess more capabilities.


The largest computers (“maxicomputers”)

are those found in research centers, large scientific laboratories, big

universities. Most of the computer principles and concepts are common to all

categories of computers, although there can be tremendous variations from

computer to computer.


A question sometimes arises whether

computers are able to think. As a matter of fact they do not think. It is the

computer programmer who provides a programme of instructions and data which

specifies every detail of what to do, how to do, and when to do it. The

computer is simply a high-speed machine which can manipulate data, solve

problems, and make decisions, all under the control of the programme. If the

programmer makes a mistake in the programme or puts in the wrong data, the

computer will produce wrong results.


Every computer contains five

essential elements or units: the arithmetical logical unit, the memory unit,

the control unit, the input unit, and the output unit.


The arithmetical logical unit is

the area of the computer in which arithmetical and logical operations are

performed on data.


The memory unit stores groups of

binary digits (words) that can represent instructions (programme) which the

computer is to perform and the data that are to be operated on by the

progrmamme.


The input unit consists of all

the devices used to take information and data that are external to the computer

and put it into the memory unit. The output unit consists of the devices used

to transfer data and information from the computer to the outside world. The

control unit directs the operation of all the other units by providing timing

and control signals. This unit contains logic and timing circuits that generate

the signal necessary to execute each

instruction in a programme.

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